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GNDU Question Paper-2024

B.A 2

Semester

HISTORY

[History of India (C.1000-A.D. 1707)]

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any Four

questions.

SECTION-A

1. Describe the causes responsible for the success of Turks against the Rajputs.

2. Critically evaluate the consolidation of Delhi Sultanate under Balban.

SECTION-B

3. Discuss the important features of administration under Vijayanagara Kingdom.

4. Explain the various administrative experiments of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

SECTION-C

5. Critically examine the various administrative reforms brought by Sher Shah Suri.

6. Discuss in detail about the religious policy of Akbar.

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SECTION-D

7. Analyse the rise of Maratha power under Shivaji.

8. Write a detail note on the Mansabdari system under the Mughals. What were its

merits and demerits?

GNDU Answer Paper-2024

B.A 2

Semester

HISTORY

[History of India (C.1000-A.D. 1707)]

Time Allowed: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100

Note: There are Eight questions of equal marks. Candidates are required to attempt any Four

questions.

SECTION-A

1. Describe the causes responsible for the success of Turks against the Rajputs.

Ans: Causes for the Success of Turks Against the Rajputs

The success of the Turks against the Rajputs in medieval India was not a result of a single factor but

rather a combination of military, political, social, and strategic advantages that the Turks had over

the Rajputs. The Rajputs, despite their bravery and chivalry, could not resist the well-organized and

tactically superior Turkish forces. Below are the major reasons for the success of the Turks against

the Rajputs:

1. Superior Military Strategy and Organization

The Turks had a well-organized army with a clear command structure. They used efficient battlefield

tactics such as surprise attacks, swift cavalry movements, and strategic positioning. On the other

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hand, the Rajputs often fought in a traditional and predictable manner, focusing on individual

bravery rather than coordinated strategies.

Example:

The Battle of Tarain (1192) is a clear example where Muhammad Ghori used superior tactics to

defeat the Rajput king Prithviraj Chauhan. While the Rajputs won the first battle, the Turks learned

from their mistakes and applied better military strategies in the second battle, leading to their

victory.

2. Use of Cavalry and Swift Mobility

The Turkish forces had a highly mobile cavalry that could strike quickly and retreat before the

enemy could respond. Their use of mounted archers, who could shoot arrows while riding at full

speed, gave them a significant advantage.

The Rajputs, although skilled warriors, relied heavily on traditional methods of combat, such as

fighting on foot or using elephants, which limited their speed and flexibility on the battlefield.

Analogy:

Imagine a battle between a modern army with tanks and a traditional army with horses and swords.

The side with advanced mobility and weapons would have a significant advantage. This was the case

between the Turks and the Rajputs.

3. Unity Among the Turks vs. Division Among the Rajputs

The Rajputs were divided into several small kingdoms, each ruled by different clans. Instead of

uniting against the common enemy, they often fought among themselves for supremacy. This lack

of unity made them vulnerable to external invasions.

The Turks, on the other hand, had a centralized authority and fought with a single purpose under

strong leadership. Their unity allowed them to plan and execute campaigns effectively.

Example:

Before the Battle of Tarain, many Rajput rulers did not support Prithviraj Chauhan against

Muhammad Ghori. If they had been united, they could have defeated the Turks easily.

4. Religious Zeal and Motivation

Many Turkish invaders, such as Mahmud of Ghazni and Muhammad Ghori, were motivated by

religious zeal along with political ambitions. They considered their conquests as part of their duty

and were willing to take great risks.

The Rajputs, though fierce warriors, fought mainly for personal glory, honor, and territorial

expansion. This lack of a larger common cause made them less determined compared to the Turks.

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5. Better Weapons and Warfare Techniques

The Turks had access to better weaponry and war techniques. They used advanced bows, curved

swords, and superior armor that gave them an edge in combat. The Turks also employed engineers

to build siege equipment like trebuchets, which helped them capture forts.

The Rajputs mostly relied on traditional weapons like straight swords, spears, and heavy shields.

Their war techniques were based on old customs rather than innovation.

6. Efficient Administration and Governance

After winning battles, the Turks established strong administrative systems in the conquered areas.

They appointed capable governors and introduced reforms that ensured control over the local

population.

In contrast, the Rajput rulers were not as effective in governance. They focused more on

maintaining their warrior traditions rather than administrative efficiency.

Example:

After the Second Battle of Tarain (1192), Muhammad Ghori left Qutb-ud-din Aibak in charge of

Delhi, who laid the foundation for long-term Turkish rule in India.

7. Psychological Warfare and Ruthlessness

The Turks used psychological warfare to weaken their enemies. They often spread terror by

destroying temples and killing civilians to break the morale of the local population.

The Rajputs followed a strict code of honor and were unwilling to engage in such tactics. They

believed in fair combat and did not attack the enemy using deception or treachery.

8. Tolerance and Adaptability of the Turks

The Turks were highly adaptable to new environments and strategies. They learned from their

mistakes and changed their battle tactics accordingly. The Rajputs, however, were rigid in their

ways and did not adapt quickly to new challenges.

Example:

Muhammad Ghori improved his battle tactics after losing the First Battle of Tarain and defeated the

Rajputs in the Second Battle of Tarain.

9. Economic Strength of the Turks

The Turkish rulers had access to vast resources from Central Asia and Persia. They used their wealth

to maintain large armies and buy advanced weapons.

The Rajput states, though rich in culture and tradition, did not have the same level of financial

resources or trade networks to support prolonged wars.

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Conclusion

The success of the Turks against the Rajputs was due to multiple factors, including superior military

strategy, unity, better weapons, and psychological warfare. The Rajputs were undoubtedly brave

and skilled fighters, but their internal divisions, rigid traditions, and outdated warfare techniques

made them vulnerable to Turkish invasions. Had the Rajputs united and modernized their approach,

history might have been different. However, their resistance and valor remain an important part of

Indian history and heritage.

2. Critically evaluate the consolidation of Delhi Sultanate under Balban.

Ans: Consolidation of the Delhi Sultanate under Balban

The Delhi Sultanate was one of the most powerful and influential kingdoms in medieval India.

Among its many rulers, Ghiyasuddin Balban (1266–1287) played a crucial role in strengthening and

consolidating the Sultanate. Balban was a strong and determined ruler who focused on establishing

a centralized and disciplined administration. His reign marked a turning point in the history of the

Delhi Sultanate, as he laid the foundation for a stable and authoritative government.

Background and Early Life of Balban

Balban was originally a Turkish slave who rose through the ranks due to his intelligence, military

skills, and loyalty. He was one of the prominent members of the ‘Chahalgani’ or the ‘Forty Nobles’

during the reign of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud. Over time, Balban gained the Sultan’s trust and

became the most powerful noble in the court. After Nasiruddin Mahmud’s death in 1266, Balban

ascended the throne and became the Sultan of Delhi.

Challenges Faced by Balban

When Balban became the ruler, the Delhi Sultanate was facing several threats:

1. Internal instability – The Turkish nobility, especially the ‘Chahalgani,’ had become very

powerful and often conspired against the ruler.

2. Mongol invasions – The Mongols were a constant threat to northern India, attacking

frequently and causing destruction.

3. Lawlessness and disorder – Several regions, especially in the countryside, were dominated

by rebellious chiefs and bandits who refused to accept the authority of Delhi.

4. Weak administration – Previous rulers had struggled to establish a strong administrative

structure, leading to inefficiency and corruption.

Balban understood that if he wanted to strengthen the Sultanate, he had to address these problems

with firmness and authority.

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Measures Taken by Balban to Consolidate the Sultanate

1. Establishing Absolute Kingship (Theory of Kingship)

Balban believed that the Sultan was not just a ruler but a representative of God on earth. He

followed the Persian concept of ‘Divine Right of Kings,’ where the ruler was considered a supreme

authority, accountable only to God.

• He adopted a strict and dignified court protocol.

• He avoided casual interactions with nobles and subjects, making himself appear superior

and unapproachable.

• He introduced ‘Sijda’ (prostration before the Sultan) and ‘Paibos’ (kissing the feet of the

Sultan) to reinforce his supremacy.

By doing this, Balban ensured that no noble or official dared to challenge his authority.

2. Crushing the Power of the Nobility

The Turkish nobles had become too powerful and often acted independently. Balban was

determined to reduce their influence.

• He eliminated the ‘Chahalgani’ (the Forty Nobles) by either executing them or stripping

them of their power.

• He promoted only those officials who were loyal and obedient to him.

• He appointed spies to monitor the activities of nobles and ensured that no conspiracy could

be formed against him.

By suppressing the nobility, Balban was able to establish a strong and centralized monarchy.

3. Strengthening the Military and Defending the Sultanate

One of the biggest threats to the Delhi Sultanate was the Mongol invasions. Balban took several

steps to strengthen his military:

• He improved the training and discipline of his army.

• He built strong forts along the north-western frontier to prevent Mongol attacks.

• He personally led campaigns against Mongols and ensured that they did not enter the

heartland of India.

His military reforms helped secure the borders and prevent large-scale Mongol invasions.

4. Establishing Law and Order

Balban believed that strict law and order were necessary for a stable empire.

• He launched campaigns against bandits and rebels in different regions.

• He personally supervised punishments for criminals and rebels, ensuring that no lawbreaker

was spared.

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• He ordered the destruction of forests that served as hideouts for criminals.

Because of his strict measures, law and order improved significantly, and trade and agriculture

flourished.

5. Suppression of Revolts

Several regions in India, such as Bengal, Mewat, and Rajasthan, had rebellious chiefs who refused to

obey the Sultan. Balban sent his armies to crush these revolts.

• The Meos of Mewat, who often looted travelers, were dealt with harshly.

• The rebellion in Bengal was brutally crushed, and the region was brought under firm control.

• The Rajput states, which had started asserting independence, were subdued.

Balban’s strict policies ensured that no one dared to challenge the authority of Delhi.

6. Administrative Reforms

Balban introduced several administrative changes to make governance more efficient.

• He appointed capable and honest officers to key positions.

• He kept a close watch on revenue collection to prevent corruption.

• He made sure that justice was delivered without bias. Even high-ranking officials were

punished if found guilty.

His administrative policies helped in stabilizing the Sultanate and made governance more effective.

Impact of Balban’s Rule

Balban’s rule had a lasting impact on the Delhi Sultanate.

1. Strengthened Monarchy – By eliminating the power of the nobles, Balban ensured that the

Sultan had absolute authority.

2. Secured Borders – His military strategies kept the Mongols at bay, protecting northern India

from invasions.

3. Established Law and Order – His strict governance made the empire safer and more stable.

4. Centralized Administration – His reforms improved the efficiency of governance, which later

rulers benefited from.

Limitations of Balban’s Rule

Despite his strong rule, Balban faced some challenges:

• He lacked a strong successor. After his death, the empire fell into disorder.

• His policies were harsh, which created resentment among the nobles and common people.

• His military campaigns, though successful, drained the treasury.

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Conclusion

Balban was a remarkable ruler who played a crucial role in consolidating the Delhi Sultanate.

Through his strict policies, strong military strategies, and efficient administration, he strengthened

the foundation of the empire. Though his rule was marked by strictness and autocracy, it was

necessary to maintain stability in a turbulent time. His efforts ensured that the Delhi Sultanate

remained strong and influential, paving the way for future rulers to build upon his legacy.

Thus, Balban’s reign was a turning point in Indian history, as he transformed the Delhi Sultanate

from a weak kingdom into a powerful and disciplined empire.

SECTION-B

3. Discuss the important features of administration under Vijayanagara Kingdom.

Ans: Administration under the Vijayanagara Kingdom

The Vijayanagara Kingdom (1336–1646) was one of the most powerful and prosperous empires in

South India. It was known for its efficient and well-organized administration, which helped it

maintain stability and security for several centuries. The administration of the Vijayanagara

Kingdom was a blend of traditional Hindu practices and some elements of Islamic governance,

which the rulers adopted from the Delhi Sultanate.

Let’s explore the key features of the administration under the Vijayanagara Kingdom:

1. King – The Supreme Authority

• The king was the head of the government and had absolute power in the empire.

• He was considered divine and was often referred to as the representative of God on Earth.

• The king’s word was final in matters of war, justice, and governance.

• The rulers of Vijayanagara, such as Krishnadevaraya, were known for their strong and

efficient rule.

2. Council of Ministers

• The king was assisted by a group of ministers known as the Mantri Mandali.

• These ministers were responsible for advising the king on various issues such as

administration, military, and finance.

• Important ministers included the Prime Minister (Mahapradhana), the chief treasurer

(Danda Nayaka), and the foreign affairs minister.

3. Provincial Administration

• The kingdom was divided into several provinces called Mandalam.

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• Each province was governed by a Nayaka or viceroy, who was appointed by the king.

• The Nayakas had significant autonomy but were expected to pay tribute and provide military

support to the central government.

• Some famous Nayakas were the rulers of Madurai, Tanjore, and Gingee.

4. District and Village Administration

• The provinces were further divided into districts (Nadu) and then into smaller units (Kottam

and Sthala).

• At the village level, local chiefs and elders played an important role in governance.

• The village administration was mostly self-governing, with village elders solving disputes and

managing revenue collection.

5. Military Administration

• The Vijayanagara rulers maintained a powerful and well-organized army.

• The army consisted of infantry, cavalry, elephants, and a strong navy.

• The empire used the Amaranayaka System, where local commanders (Nayakas) were

granted land in exchange for maintaining soldiers for the empire.

• This system helped the empire build a large standing army while also ensuring that local

rulers remained loyal.

6. Revenue Administration

• Land revenue was the main source of income for the Vijayanagara Empire.

• The land was classified based on fertility, and taxes were collected accordingly.

• Farmers had to pay a portion of their produce as tax, usually one-third to one-sixth of the

yield.

• The revenue was used to maintain the army, build temples, and develop infrastructure.

7. Justice System

• The king was the supreme judge, and his decisions were final.

• Minor disputes were resolved by village councils or local officials.

• Punishments were severe to maintain law and order, including fines, imprisonment, and

even capital punishment for serious crimes.

8. Trade and Commerce Administration

• The Vijayanagara Empire was a major center of trade.

• Important trade items included spices, textiles, diamonds, and horses.

• The government collected trade taxes and also issued coins to regulate the economy.

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• Foreign traders from Persia, Arabia, and Europe visited the empire’s major ports like Bhatkal

and Mangalore.

9. Religious and Cultural Administration

• The Vijayanagara rulers were great patrons of Hinduism and built magnificent temples.

• Temples were not just religious centers but also served as economic and social hubs.

• While the empire was predominantly Hindu, it was tolerant of other religions, including

Islam and Jainism.

10. Infrastructure and Public Works

• The rulers invested in building roads, water reservoirs, and irrigation systems.

• The city of Hampi, the capital, had well-planned markets, palaces, and fortifications.

• The empire’s investment in infrastructure helped in economic growth and stability.

Conclusion

The Vijayanagara Kingdom had a highly efficient administration that allowed it to remain a powerful

empire for over 300 years. The rulers successfully combined traditional Indian administrative

systems with new strategies, ensuring prosperity and stability. The legacy of Vijayanagara’s

administration can still be seen in the cultural and architectural remains of Hampi, which stands as a

testament to the empire’s grandeur and efficiency.

4. Explain the various administrative experiments of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.

Ans: Administrative Experiments of Muhammad bin Tughlaq

Muhammad bin Tughlaq, who ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1325 to 1351, is known for his

ambitious and innovative but often unsuccessful administrative experiments. His reign was marked

by bold ideas, but many of them failed due to poor execution, lack of planning, and the inability of

his people to adapt to rapid changes. Let’s explore his major administrative experiments in detail.

1. Transfer of Capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (1327)

One of the most controversial experiments of Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the transfer of the

capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (in present-day Maharashtra). He believed that shifting the capital

would help in the following ways:

Better Control Over the Deccan Region: Since Daulatabad was located in the center of his empire,

he thought it would be easier to manage both northern and southern parts.

Protection from Mongol Invasions: Delhi was constantly under the threat of Mongol attacks. By

moving to Daulatabad, he wanted to safeguard his administration.

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However, this experiment failed for several reasons:

The entire population of Delhi, including nobles, scholars, traders, and common people, was forced

to migrate to Daulatabad. The journey was long and difficult, causing immense suffering.

Daulatabad lacked the necessary infrastructure to support such a large population.

After realizing his mistake, he allowed people to return to Delhi, leading to further hardship and

chaos.

2. Introduction of Token Currency (Copper Coins in Place of Silver Coins)

Another major experiment of Muhammad bin Tughlaq was the introduction of token currency—

coins made of copper instead of silver. His intention was good:

• Shortage of Silver: Silver was in short supply, and he wanted to maintain trade and

economic stability by introducing an alternative currency.

• Inspired by China: He had heard about the successful use of token currency in China and

thought it would work in India too.

However, this policy also failed due to several reasons:

• The copper coins had the same value as silver coins, but they were easy to duplicate. As a

result, people started making fake coins.

• The government could not control counterfeiting, and soon the market was flooded with

fake currency.

• Eventually, he had to withdraw the copper coins and restore silver currency, causing a major

financial loss to the state.

3. Raising of Taxes in the Doab Region

The Doab region (the land between the Ganga and Yamuna rivers) was very fertile. Muhammad bin

Tughlaq decided to increase taxes in this area to generate more revenue for his ambitious projects.

However, this decision proved disastrous because:

• At the same time, the region was hit by a severe famine. Farmers were unable to pay high

taxes.

• Many peasants abandoned their land and migrated, leading to a decline in agricultural

production.

• Instead of helping the farmers during the famine, the government continued to demand

high taxes, causing widespread resentment and economic hardship.

4. Establishment of an Agricultural Department (Taqavi Loans to Farmers)

Realizing his mistake in increasing taxes, Muhammad bin Tughlaq later attempted to help farmers

by introducing agricultural reforms

He set up a department called Diwan-i-Amir Kohi to improve agriculture.

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He granted Taqavi loans (advance money) to farmers so they could buy seeds, cattle, and

equipment.

He encouraged farmers to cultivate barren lands to increase food production.

Unfortunately, this experiment also failed because:

The loans were not properly monitored, and officials were corrupt.

Many farmers could not repay the loans and went deeper into poverty.

When the famine worsened, the situation became even more critical.

5. Expansion of the Empire and Military Expeditions

Muhammad bin Tughlaq was highly ambitious and wanted to expand his empire. He launched

military campaigns to conquer Kashmir, Khorasan (in present-day Iran), and parts of China.

He raised a large army and spent huge amounts of money on war preparations.

However, most of these campaigns failed due to difficult terrain, lack of proper planning, and

resistance from local rulers.

The unsuccessful expeditions weakened the treasury and led to further economic instability.

Conclusion: A Visionary but a Failure in Execution

Muhammad bin Tughlaq was undoubtedly an intelligent and visionary ruler. His ideas were ahead of

his time, but his experiments failed mainly because:

• He did not consider the practical difficulties and the needs of his people.

• His decisions were implemented too quickly, without proper planning or consultation.

• His harsh and impatient nature made it difficult for people to accept changes.

Despite his failures, historians consider Muhammad bin Tughlaq a unique ruler who dared to

innovate. His reign provides important lessons on how bold ideas need careful execution, public

support, and proper management to succeed.

SECTION-C

5. Critically examine the various administrative reforms brought by Sher Shah Suri.

Ans: Administrative Reforms of Sher Shah Suri

Sher Shah Suri, the founder of the Suri Empire in North India, was one of the greatest administrators

in Indian history. He ruled from 1540 to 1545 after defeating the Mughal Emperor Humayun.

Despite his short reign, he introduced several administrative reforms that laid the foundation for

future governance, including during the Mughal and British periods. His policies focused on efficient

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governance, law and order, revenue collection, military administration, and infrastructure

development.

1. Central Administration

Sher Shah Suri established a strong and centralized administration. He divided his empire into

several provinces called "Sarkars." Each Sarkar was further divided into "Parganas," which were

smaller administrative units. The key officials in his administration included:

• Diwan (Finance Minister): Responsible for revenue collection.

• Bakshi (Military Officer): Managed the army.

• Qazi (Judge): Ensured justice.

• Mir-i-Adl (Chief Justice): Supervised judicial matters.

• Shiqdar (Law and Order Official): Maintained peace and security at the local level.

These officials worked efficiently under his direct supervision, ensuring proper governance

throughout the empire.

2. Revenue System

Sher Shah implemented a well-organized revenue system to ensure fairness and efficiency in tax

collection. Some key features of his revenue system were:

• Land was measured properly to assess its fertility and productivity.

• Taxes were fixed based on the fertility of the land, ensuring that farmers did not suffer due

to high taxes.

• The tax rate was one-third of the total produce, payable in cash or kind.

• Farmers were given written records (Pattas) specifying the tax amount they had to pay. This

eliminated corruption and exploitation by middlemen.

• Loans (Taqavi) were provided to farmers for purchasing seeds, tools, and other necessities

during difficult times.

His revenue system was later adopted and refined by the Mughal Emperor Akbar.

3. Military Reforms

Sher Shah Suri established a disciplined and well-equipped army, making his military one of the

strongest of his time. His key military reforms included:

• Direct recruitment of soldiers and regular payment of salaries to ensure loyalty.

• A proper system of branding horses (Dagh) and recording soldiers' physical descriptions

(Chehra system) to prevent corruption and ensure efficiency.

• Establishment of forts and garrisons to protect his empire from external invasions.

• A strong network of spies to keep an eye on the activities of nobles and enemies.

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These reforms ensured that his army was loyal, well-trained, and prepared for any threat.

4. Law and Order

Sher Shah was known for his strict law enforcement. His reforms included:

• A quick and efficient judicial system where justice was served without delay.

• Harsh punishments for criminals, ensuring peace and security in the empire.

• A strict policy against corruption among officials.

• Protection of travelers and merchants on highways, which boosted trade and commerce.

His fair and effective justice system made him popular among the common people.

5. Roads and Infrastructure Development

Sher Shah Suri is best remembered for his contributions to road construction and infrastructure

development. Some of his key projects included:

• Construction of Grand Trunk Road (GT Road), which connected Sonargaon (in present-day

Bangladesh) to Peshawar (in present-day Pakistan). This road later became an important

trade route during British rule.

• Establishment of Sarais (rest houses) at every 20-30 km along highways to provide food,

shelter, and security for travelers and traders.

• Digging of wells along highways to provide water for travelers.

• Improvement of postal services by using horsemen to carry messages efficiently.

These developments improved trade, commerce, and communication across the empire.

6. Trade and Commerce

Sher Shah took several steps to promote trade and commerce, such as:

• Reducing and regulating taxes on traders, making it easier for them to do business.

• Ensuring safety on roads so merchants could travel without fear of robbery.

• Introducing a uniform currency system by issuing silver coins known as "Rupiya." This

standardization made trade transactions smoother and was later adopted by the Mughals

and British.

• Eliminating unnecessary trade restrictions, allowing businesses to flourish.

These measures encouraged economic growth and made his empire prosperous.

7. Religious and Social Policies

Sher Shah followed a policy of religious tolerance. Although he was a devout Muslim, he did not

discriminate against non-Muslims. His social policies included:

• Encouraging Hindus and Muslims to work together in his administration.

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• Maintaining peaceful relations with different religious communities.

• Promoting education and welfare programs for people of all backgrounds.

• Opposing unnecessary religious conflicts and ensuring harmony among his subjects.

Conclusion

Sher Shah Suri’s administrative reforms had a lasting impact on Indian history. His efficient

governance, fair tax policies, strong military, law and order system, infrastructure development, and

encouragement of trade and commerce made him a great ruler. Many of his policies were later

adopted by the Mughal Emperor Akbar and even influenced the British administration in India.

Despite ruling for only five years, Sher Shah's legacy as an able administrator continues to be

remembered and admired in Indian history.

6. Discuss in detail about the religious policy of Akbar.

Ans: Emperor Akbar, who ruled India from 1556 to 1605, is one of the most famous Mughal

emperors, especially for his unique religious policy. Unlike many other rulers of his time, Akbar

believed in religious tolerance and tried to create harmony among people of different faiths. His

policies aimed at uniting the vast and diverse Indian population under one administration.

Early Religious Policies

When Akbar became the emperor, he initially followed the traditional Islamic policies of his

predecessors. His early rule was influenced by Bairam Khan, his regent, who followed strict Islamic

principles. However, as Akbar gained more experience and control over his empire, he began to

develop his own views on religion and governance.

Religious Tolerance and Abolition of Discriminatory Taxes

One of the most significant steps taken by Akbar was the abolition of the Jizya tax in 1564. Jizya was

a tax imposed on non-Muslims (Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and others) in Islamic states. By removing this

tax, Akbar reduced the financial burden on non-Muslims and sent a strong message of equality and

religious harmony.

Similarly, he abolished the pilgrimage tax, which was imposed on Hindus when they visited their

religious sites. These steps made Akbar popular among non-Muslims and helped in building a sense

of unity in his empire.

Marriages with Hindu Princesses

To strengthen relationships with the Hindu Rajput rulers, Akbar married Rajput princesses. One of

his most famous marriages was with Jodha Bai, the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amer (modern-day

Jaipur). Unlike previous Muslim rulers, Akbar did not force his Hindu wives to convert to Islam.

Instead, he allowed them to follow their own religious customs and even participated in some

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Hindu festivals. This move helped in winning the trust of Rajput rulers and brought stability to his

empire.

Inclusion of Non-Muslims in Administration

Akbar appointed Hindus to high positions in his administration. One of the most famous Hindu

officials in Akbar’s court was Raja Todar Mal, who played a crucial role in the revenue system.

Another notable Hindu official was Raja Man Singh, who served as a trusted military general. By

including people from different religions in his government, Akbar ensured that all communities had

a voice in administration.

Religious Discussions and the Ibadat Khana

Akbar had a deep interest in different religions and wanted to learn more about them. In 1575, he

built the Ibadat Khana (House of Worship) in Fatehpur Sikri. This place became a center for religious

discussions where scholars from different religions—Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism,

Zoroastrianism, and Sikhism—were invited to discuss their beliefs.

Through these discussions, Akbar realized that all religions preached similar values like love,

kindness, and truth. He concluded that no single religion had a monopoly on truth, and thus, he

encouraged mutual respect among different religious groups.

Formation of Din-i Ilahi

As Akbar studied various religions, he developed his own religious philosophy called Din-i Ilahi

(Divine Faith) in 1582. This was not a new religion but rather a code of moral and ethical conduct.

Din-i Ilahi combined elements of Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Jainism, and Zoroastrianism. It

emphasized virtues like:

• Belief in one God

• Respect for all religions

• Vegetarianism (inspired by Jainism)

• Sun worship (influenced by Hindu and Zoroastrian beliefs)

• Rejection of religious dogma and rituals

However, Din-i Ilahi did not gain much popularity and was followed only by a small group of Akbar’s

close associates, including Birbal.

Influence on Art and Culture

Akbar’s religious tolerance also influenced the cultural and artistic development of his empire.

Under his rule, art, architecture, and literature flourished. The fusion of Persian and Indian styles led

to the creation of Indo-Islamic architecture, seen in buildings like Fatehpur Sikri and Buland

Darwaza.

He also encouraged translations of Hindu scriptures like the Ramayana and Mahabharata into

Persian, making them accessible to a wider audience.

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Impact of Akbar’s Religious Policy

1. Unity in Diversity: Akbar’s policies helped in maintaining peace and harmony among people

of different religions. His approach promoted a sense of unity in his vast empire.

2. Strong Rajput-Mughal Alliance: By marrying Rajput princesses and appointing Rajputs in

high positions, Akbar ensured loyalty from powerful Hindu rulers.

3. A Model for Future Rulers: Later Mughal emperors, like Jahangir and Shah Jahan, continued

Akbar’s policy of religious tolerance, though with some changes.

4. Cultural Advancement: The intermixing of different traditions under Akbar’s rule led to a

rich cultural and artistic heritage that continues to influence India today.

Conclusion

Akbar’s religious policy was ahead of its time. Unlike many other rulers who tried to impose their

religion on others, Akbar understood the importance of religious tolerance. His policies helped in

creating a stable and prosperous empire where people of different faiths lived together peacefully.

Although his Din-i Ilahi did not become a popular movement, his broader vision of religious

harmony remains an inspiration even today. Akbar’s approach to religion was not just about

politics; it reflected his genuine curiosity and belief in unity, making him one of the greatest rulers in

Indian history.

SECTION-D

7. Analyse the rise of Maratha power under Shivaji.

Ans: The Rise of Maratha Power under Shivaji

The rise of Maratha power under Shivaji was a significant event in Indian history. Shivaji was a

visionary leader who laid the foundation of the Maratha Empire, which later became a major force

in India. His success was due to his exceptional military strategies, administrative skills, and a deep

sense of nationalism. In this detailed explanation, we will explore how Shivaji built the Maratha

power and what factors contributed to his success.

Background: The Condition of India Before Shivaji

Before Shivaji's rise, India was dominated by two major powers: the Mughal Empire in the north

and the Sultanates in the Deccan, such as Bijapur and Golconda. These rulers were often engaged in

internal conflicts, and there was little unity among them. The Marathas, a warrior community living

in the western part of India (present-day Maharashtra), were under the rule of the Bijapur

Sultanate. However, they were dissatisfied with the foreign rule and sought independence.

Early Life and Influences of Shivaji

Shivaji was born in 1630 at Shivneri Fort to Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai. His father was a military

general under the Deccan Sultanates, while his mother instilled in him a deep love for Hindu culture

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and self-rule. He was deeply inspired by the Ramayana and Mahabharata, which fueled his ambition

to establish an independent Hindu kingdom. His guru, Dadaji Kondadev, played a crucial role in

training him in administration and warfare.

Shivaji’s Military Strategies and Early Conquests

One of Shivaji’s greatest strengths was his military strategy. He did not rely on traditional warfare

but introduced guerrilla tactics, which helped him defeat much larger armies. Guerrilla warfare

involves quick and unexpected attacks followed by rapid retreats, making it difficult for enemies to

counterattack.

Capture of Forts

Shivaji understood the strategic importance of forts in controlling territories. He began his military

campaign by capturing important forts in Maharashtra, such as:

• Torna Fort (1645): This was his first major victory at the age of 15.

• Rajgad, Purandar, and Kondana Forts: These forts became the backbone of his kingdom.

By controlling these forts, he created a strong defensive network that made it difficult for enemies

to invade his territory.

Conflict with the Bijapur Sultanate

Shivaji’s growing power alarmed the Bijapur Sultanate. In 1659, the Sultan sent his general, Afzal

Khan, to crush Shivaji. However, Shivaji, using his intelligence and courage, killed Afzal Khan in a

famous encounter using a hidden dagger called “Bagh Nakh” (Tiger Claws). After this victory, he

captured several more forts, further strengthening his position.

Shivaji vs. the Mughals

As Shivaji’s power grew, he came into conflict with the Mughals, especially Aurangzeb. In 1666,

Aurangzeb invited Shivaji to his court in Agra, but it was a trap. Shivaji was arrested and placed

under house arrest. However, using his cleverness, he managed to escape by hiding in a basket of

sweets. This daring escape made him a hero among his people.

Coronation and Establishment of Swarajya

In 1674, Shivaji declared himself the king of the Marathas and was crowned as Chhatrapati at

Raigad Fort. This was a historic moment, as it marked the foundation of an independent Maratha

kingdom, free from Mughal or Deccan Sultanate rule. He introduced a well-organized

administration and a disciplined army.

Shivaji’s Administration

Shivaji was not just a great warrior but also an excellent administrator. His administration was

based on justice, efficiency, and welfare of the people. Some of his key administrative policies were:

• Ashtapradhan Council: He appointed eight ministers to help him govern efficiently.

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• Revenue System: He abolished unjust taxes and implemented a fair revenue collection

system.

• Religious Tolerance: Unlike the Mughals, he respected all religions and ensured that no one

was forcibly converted.

• Naval Strength: Shivaji built a powerful navy to protect the western coast from foreign

invasions, particularly the Portuguese and Siddis.

Legacy and Impact of Shivaji

Shivaji passed away in 1680, but his legacy continued through his successors. He laid the foundation

of a strong Maratha Empire, which later played a crucial role in resisting Mughal domination. His

ideals of self-rule, good governance, and military strategy inspired future generations.

Conclusion

The rise of Maratha power under Shivaji was a result of his intelligence, bravery, and vision. By using

innovative military tactics, efficient administration, and a sense of nationalism, he successfully

challenged the powerful Mughal and Deccan Sultanates. His efforts in establishing Swarajya (self-

rule) made him a legendary figure in Indian history. Even today, he is remembered as a symbol of

courage and good governance. His story teaches us that with determination and smart strategies,

even small forces can challenge mighty empires and achieve great success.

8. Write a detail note on the Mansabdari system under the Mughals. What were its

merits and demerits?

Ans: The Mansabdari System under the Mughals

The Mansabdari system was a unique administrative and military structure introduced by Emperor

Akbar in the Mughal Empire. It played a crucial role in organizing the army, managing the empire’s

administration, and ensuring efficient revenue collection. The word "Mansab" means rank or

position, and those who held these ranks were called Mansabdars. They were appointed directly by

the emperor and were responsible for maintaining a specific number of soldiers for the imperial

army.

This system remained a key feature of Mughal administration from Akbar’s reign (1556-1605) until

the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century. However, later emperors like Jahangir (1605-

1627) and Aurangzeb (1658-1707) made certain modifications to it.

Main Features of the Mansabdari System

1. Hierarchy of Ranks:

o Every officer in the Mughal administration was given a Mansab (rank), which

determined his status and responsibilities.

o Ranks were divided into two main numbers:

▪ Zat (Personal Rank): It indicated the position and salary of the Mansabdar.

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▪ Sawar (Cavalry Rank): It showed how many cavalrymen (soldiers on horses)

the Mansabdar had to maintain.

o Higher the Zat and Sawar, the more powerful the Mansabdar was.

2. Classification of Mansabdars:

o Initially, Akbar started with 33 ranks, but later, it was reduced to 3 broad

categories:

▪ Mansabdars with 10 to 400 rank

▪ Mansabdars with 500 to 2,500 rank

▪ Mansabdars with 3,000 to 10,000 rank

o The highest rank was 10,000, given to royal princes and important nobles.

3. Payment System:

o Mansabdars were not given land directly but were assigned Jagirs (land grants) from

which they could collect revenue.

o Their salary was determined based on their Zat rank.

o However, they did not have direct control over their assigned Jagirs, as revenue

collection was managed by the emperor’s officials.

4. Responsibilities of Mansabdars:

o They had to maintain and provide troops for the Mughal army.

o They performed civil and military duties, often serving as governors (Subedars),

commanders, or even ministers.

o They could be transferred or removed at any time by the emperor.

5. Recruitment and Promotion:

o The emperor personally appointed Mansabdars and could promote or demote them

based on their performance.

o Promotions were common based on loyalty and efficiency, but sometimes, favoritism

and bribery influenced appointments.

6. Military Organization:

o The system ensured a strong and disciplined army, as all Mansabdars were required

to keep trained soldiers and quality horses.

o Periodic inspections were conducted to ensure that no false reporting of soldiers

occurred.

Merits (Advantages) of the Mansabdari System

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The Mansabdari system had several benefits that made the Mughal administration strong and

efficient.

1. Strong Central Control

• Since all Mansabdars were directly appointed by the emperor, it prevented regional rulers

from becoming too powerful.

• It helped Akbar and his successors maintain control over a vast empire.

2. Efficient Military System

• The system ensured that the Mughal army was always ready for war.

• It created a professional army, where soldiers and commanders were well-paid and

disciplined.

3. Revenue Collection and Administration

• The Jagir system helped maintain a steady flow of revenue for the empire.

• It allowed the emperor to distribute land without giving permanent ownership, preventing

feudal lords from becoming too strong.

4. Flexibility and Merit-based Promotion

• Capable individuals could rise in rank, irrespective of their background.

• The emperor could promote officers based on efficiency and loyalty, ensuring that

competent officials ran the administration.

5. Prevented Rebellions

• Since Mansabdars were constantly transferred, they could not build strong local power

bases.

• This reduced the chances of provincial governors revolting against the emperor.

Demerits (Disadvantages) of the Mansabdari System

Despite its advantages, the Mansabdari system had several flaws that eventually weakened the

Mughal Empire.

1. Heavy Financial Burden

• The salaries and maintenance of Mansabdars required large amounts of money.

• The empire often struggled to generate enough revenue to sustain such a huge system.

2. Corruption and False Reporting

• Some Mansabdars reported more soldiers and horses than they actually maintained, to

receive higher salaries.

• Since inspections were not always regular, many officials engaged in corruption.

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3. Decline of Agriculture

• Since most of the land revenue went to Mansabdars, peasants were heavily taxed.

• Many farmers lost their lands and became poor, leading to economic decline.

4. Instability due to Frequent Transfers

• Mansabdars were frequently transferred, so they had no long-term interest in improving the

regions they administered.

• Many of them exploited peasants, as they wanted to make quick profits before being

transferred.

5. Weakness in Later Years

• Under Aurangzeb, the number of Mansabdars increased, but the revenue system remained

the same.

• The empire could not afford to pay so many officials, leading to financial crises.

• After Aurangzeb’s death, many Mansabdars declared independence, leading to the empire’s

decline.

Conclusion

The Mansabdari system was one of the most important features of Mughal administration. It

helped maintain a strong army, ensured efficient governance, and prevented rebellions. However,

over time, corruption, financial mismanagement, and excessive taxation on peasants led to

economic and political instability. By the 18th century, the system became a major reason for the

decline of the Mughal Empire.

Despite its flaws, the Mansabdari system was a well-planned administrative mechanism that helped

the Mughal rulers govern a vast empire for nearly 200 years. It remains an important topic in Indian

history, reflecting both the strengths and weaknesses of Mughal governance.

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